2014年5月1日,美国心脏协会(AHA)/美国卒中学会(ASA)在Stroke杂志上发布更新后的有关“缺血性卒中和短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)的指南2014”。
新指南就糖尿病/肥胖患者的卒中/TIA风险筛查、危险因素控制、主动脉弓部粥样硬化、颅外颈动脉狭窄、颅内脑动脉狭窄、心房颤动伴不明原因卒中患者长期监测、特殊人群应用新型抗凝剂和卵圆孔未闭等防治策略做了许多修改和更新。
以下重点对颈动脉支架成形术(简称CAS)一些更新做一解读。
30.396。住院天数为CEA 2.9天,CAS 1.9天。根据卫生部卒中筛查及防治工程2010对31家基地医院的数据,CEA/CAS共实施1860例,CEA与CAS之比为3∶20;平均花费为CEA 2.85万,CAS 5.45万。CAS价格是CEA的两倍,而风险确实高于CEA[13]。
从我十几年的临床实践来看,北京安贞医院卒中中心的数据(2011年9月??2014年3月),共做CEA 200例,围术期卒中发生率1.5%,死亡率0。而CAS组中卒中发生率1%,死亡1%。分析CAS死亡的患者中,有一个重要因素,即脑出血转归不同,CEA组有2例脑出血,都较早发现,及时微创引流而恢复。而CAS的2例脑出血患者都因强化抗血小板治疗,未抢救成功。
目前所采用的CEA手术操作,全麻保证患者有一个安全的条件,中间血压和气体交换容易控制。手术操作,在切开15厘米左右的皮肤和颈阔肌以后,全是沿着组织间隙分离,创伤不大。加上手术中使用颈动脉转流装置和补片等措施,手术相对安全,术后再狭窄率低。
CAS作为一项新的技术,为颈动脉狭窄患者提供了一个选择。尤其是患者的病变分叉较高,颈部放射治疗后所导致的颈动脉狭窄,手术不可及的部位,如椎动脉和锁骨下动脉的起始,以及颅内病变,还有患者合并严重心肺疾病无法耐受全麻和外科手术时,CAS都有优势。
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