编者按: 随着老年人口数量的不断增长,接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的房颤患者越来越多,但目前尚无针对这类患者专用的风险分层评分系统,第70届美国心脏病学会年会(ACC.21)上,中国医学科学院阜外医院邱洪教授团队展示的一项研究对比了GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分在接受PCI术的房颤患者中的预后预测价值。本刊特邀分享,与您一起聆听ACC中国之声!
心房颤动(房颤)是最常见的心律失常之一,具有高致死率和致残率。约20%~40%的房颤患者同时合并有冠状动脉疾病,其中相当一部分患者需要接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)。[1]在临床实践中,接受PCI术的房颤患者的最佳管理策略仍属于临床难题之一。[2]目前的临床指南建议对房颤患者和冠心病患者进行个体化风险评估,以预测不良预后的风险并指导临床决策。[3,4]
GRACE风险评分被指南推荐用于急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的风险分层,有助于识别高危患者,在冠心病的临床诊疗中具有重要价值。[4-7]GRACE评分包括患者年龄、既往心衰或心梗病史、静息心率、收缩压、ST段压低、初始血清肌酐、心脏生物标志物水平和院内PCI的施行,现已成为ACS风险评分的金标准在临床实践和科学研究中被广泛应用。此外,GRACE评分在急性心梗后新发房颤的预测中也有较好的预测价值。[8]
CHA2DS2-VASc评分是房颤患者血栓栓塞风险评估并指导抗凝治疗的有效工具。[3]其应用价值在不同临床场景中得到了广泛验证。[9-11]多项研究表明,无论是否存在房颤,较高的CHA2DS2-VASc评分均与死亡风险和不良结局风险增加独立相关。[12,13]此外,另有部分研究表明,相较于有房颤的ACS患者,CHA2DS2-VASc评分甚至对无房颤的ACS患者具有更大的预后预测价值。[14]
随着老年人口数量的不断增长,接受PCI治疗的房颤患者越来越多。在接受冠状动脉造影的患者中,约有5%~10%的患者存在房颤。[15]然而,针对这类接受PCI术的房颤患者,目前尚无专用的风险分层评分系统。本研究旨在对比GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分在接受PCI术的房颤患者中的预后预测价值。
研究结果
研究纳入了1452例接受PCI的房颤患者,平均年龄为66.4±9.3岁(29.2~92.0岁),24.8%(n=362)为女性。GRACE评分低危患者268例(16.8%),中危650例(44.8%),高危534例(36.8%)。CHA2DS2-VASc评分0~1分312例(21.5%),2~3分617例(42.5%),3分以上523例(36.0%)。(表1)
表1. 入选患者基线资料
随访12个月后,92例患者(6.3%)发生主要心血管不良事件(MACE,包括:全因死亡、再次血运重建、急性心肌梗死以及缺血性卒中),27例患者(1.9%)发生全因死亡。发生MACE的患者年龄更大、BMI更高,冠脉三支病变的比例也更高。在死亡患者中,高龄和女性患者比例更高,肾功能不全和肝功能不全也更为常见。
发生MACE患者的GRACE评分显著高于未发主MACE的患者,而两组患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分不论作为连续性评分还是分类评分,其评分结果均相似。对于全因死亡,GRACE评分(作为连续性评分或分类评分)和CHA2DS2-VASc评分(作为连续性评分)均与全因死亡率相关。
依据GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分不同危险分层患者及相应终点事件发生率见表2和图1。多变量Cox比例风险模型显示,GRACE评分无论是作为连续(HR=1.014,95% CI:1.008-1.020,P<0.001)或分类(HR=1.561,95% CI:1.150~2.118,P=0.004)评分,均与MACE风险增加独立相关。然而,CHA2DS2-VASc评分却并不是接受PCI的房颤患者MACE的独立预测因子。此外,GRACE评分还是患者全因死亡(连续评分:HR=1.028,95% CI:1.020~1.037,P<0.001,分类评分:HR=2.315,95% CI:1.238~4.326,P=0.009)和缺血性卒中(连续性评分:HR=1.018,95% CI:1.005~1.031,P=0.006,分类评分:HR=4.997,95% CI:1.496~15.965,P=0.009)的强预测因子。CHA2DS2-VASc评分与患者全因死亡风险升高显著相关(连续性评分:HR=1.334,95% CI:1.107~1.632,P=0.003,分类评分:HR=1.819,95% CI:1.034~3.201,P=0.038),而与缺血性卒中风险无显著相关性。
表2. GRACE和CHA2DS2-VASc评分各组的不良事件发生情况
图1. GRACE和CHA2DS2-VASc评分各组的不良事件发生情况
安全性终点方面,GRACE评分与主要出血事件风险增加相关(连续性评分:HR=1.012,95% CI:1.001~1.024,P=0.039,分类评分:HR=2.880,95% CI:1.291~6.442,P=0.010),但与轻微出血事件无显著相关性。CHA2DS2~VASc与主要出血事件及轻微出血事件均无显著相关性。图2为GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分用于全因死亡和缺血性卒中风险预测的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。
图2. GRACE和CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测(A)全因死亡和(B)缺血性卒中的ROC曲线
全因死亡风险预测方面,GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分均有一定的预测价值(GRACE:AUC 0.708,95% CI:0.579~0.837,CHA2DS2-VASc:AUC 0.661,95% CI:0.557~0.765)。GRACE评分的预测能力相对更高但无统计学差异(P=0.299)。GRACE评分用于缺血性卒中预测的准确率较高(AUC:0.715,95% CI:0.574~0.856),而CHA2DS2-VASc评分预测能力相对较差(AUC:0.580,95% CI:0.439~0.721)。
研究结论
我们的研究评估、对比了GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分在预测接受PCI术的房颤患者的不良结局方面的表现。结果显示,GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分均与MACE风险增加独立相关。GRACE评分和CHA2DS2-VASc评分对患者全因死亡有较好的预测能力,且两种风险评分的预测能力相当。GRACE评分对缺血性卒中和主要出血事件也有一定预测价值,而CHA2DS2-VASc评分在上述事件的风险评估中价值有限。
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专家简介
邱洪教授
主任医师,博士生导师,目前担任中华医学会心血管病学分会大血管学组委员;海峡两岸医药卫生交流协会心脏重症专家委员会常务委员;中国生物医学工程学会介入医学工程分会委员;中国医学装备协会心血管装备技术专业委员会委员。主要从事心力衰竭、左室重构、冠心病介入治疗及新型药物洗脱支架研制等工作。长期从事心血管内科临床、教学、科研工作,具有扎实的心血管内科基础及丰富的临床经验。尤为擅长急性心肌梗死鉴别诊断、急性心肌梗死严重并发症及合并症、PCI术后严重并发症及顽固心绞痛等冠心病危急重症的诊治及抢救。